Digital computer-industrial controller system and apparatus

ABSTRACT

A small general purpose digital computer is utilized as the basic element of an industrial controller. The digital computer is provided with an executive program comprising function simulating modules. Relay logic, timer and counter simulating modules are disclosed. The modules provide an iterative format for a control circuit to be simulated the format comprising a large number of identical parallel circuit lines each controlling a numbered relay. Each circuit may have a specified number of basic electrical elements connected in series with its relay. The types of electrical elements disclosed are a normally open switch, a normally closed switch, a branch function, and a wire connection or no function. The condition of any particular one of the first three types of electrical elements is controlled by a specified one of the number of relays. A control program comprises a particular choice of electrical elements entered in the circuit lines of the ladder diagram to correspond to an actual circuit diagram of a desired control circuit. The system is provided with a simple detachable programming panel or console with which an ordinary industrial engineer having no computer programming experience can program his control program by positioning each required basic electrical element in the format provided and specifying the relay of another circuit line controlling the condition of the elements. He enters the set time for each relay which is to be timer controlled. An internal clock is provided for the timing function. He also enters the total count and the simulated relay whose cycles are to be counted for each relay which is to be counter controlled. A plurality of the numbered relays may each be conditioned only by an external device connected to an identically numbered input terminal. Another plurality of the numbered relays each control the signal supplied to an identically numbered output terminal which may be connected to external devices. In use, the executive program continuously and repeatedly runs through the ladder diagram control circuit line by line, updating the condition of each electrical element in accordance with the referenced numbered relay; updating the condition of each numbered relay in accordance with the condition of the electrical elements or input terminal in circuit therewith; and updating the condition of each output terminal in accordance with its associated numbered relay. Provision is made for communicating with the computer controller via ordinary telephone lines from a central station. The original computer controller is delivered to a customer with the executive program in memory. The control program is added by the customer through the detachable programming console. Both the executive and customer chosen control program can then be read out to the central station and printed or recorded on punched tape for full documentAtion thereof. Further units can be supplied to the customer preprogrammed through use of the punched paper tape. The central station also can communicate with a remote computer controller by means of a central programming console and has the ability to diagnose breakdowns of the computer controller and readin to or readout from any memory location in the remote computer controller.

United States Patent Fletcher et al.

[151 3,686,639 1 Aug. 22,1972

1 1 DIGITAL COMPUTER-INDUSTRIAL CONTROLLER SYSTEM AND APPARATUS [72] Inventors: William E. fletcher, Wobum; Leon B. Rmau, Sherborn, both of Mass.

[73] Assignee: Modicon Corporation, Bedford,

Mass.

[22] Filed: Dec. 11, 1969 [21] Appl. No.: 884,224

52 us. Cl. ..340/172.5 [51] Int. Cl ..G06f 3/02 [58] Field of Search ..340/ 172.5, 345, 347, 365

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,226,684 12/1965 Cox ..340/l72.5 3,374,465 3/1968 Richmond et a1. .....340/l72.5 3,406,379 10/1968 Palevsky et al ..340/l 72.5 3,495,220 2/1970 Lawson et al ..340/l 72.5 3,500,328 3/1970 Wallis ..340/l72.5 3,509,539 4/1970 Fichten et al ..340/l 72.5 3,324,458 6/1967 MacArthur ..340/ 1 72.5 3,380,031 4/1968 Clayton et a1. ..340/l72.5 3,4 l 4,8 84 12/ 1 968 Jensen ..340/ 1 72.5 3,560,965 2/1971 White, Jr. et a1. ..340/365 3,564,511 2/1971 Restivo et al ..340/l72.5 3,573,749 4/1971 Smith et al ..340/l72.5

OTHER PUBLICATIONS Weisber, Graphic Displays: Matching Man to Machine for On-Line Control;" Control Engineering, November 1968, pages 79- 82.

Primary Examiner-Harvey E. Springbom AnorneyMattern, Ware and Davis [57] ABSTRACT A small general purpose digital computer is utilized as the basic element of an industrial controller. The digital computer is provided with an executive program comprising function simulating modules. Relay logic, timer and counter simulating modules are disclosed. The modules provide an iterative format for a control circuit to be simulated the format comprising a large number of identical parallel circuit lines each controlling a numbered relay. Each circuit may have a specified number of basic electrical elements connected in series with its relay. The types of electrical elements disclosed are a normally open switch. a normally closed switch, a branch function, and a wire connection or no function.

The condition of any particular one of the first three types of electrical elements is controlled by a specified one of the number of relays.

A control program comprises a particular choice of electrical elements entered in the circuit lines of the ladder diagram to correspond to an actual circuit diagram of a desired control circuit.

The system is provided with a simple detachable programming panel or console with which an ordinary industrial engineer having no computer programming experience can program his control program by positioning each required basic electrical element in the format provided and specifying the relay of another circuit line controlling the condition of the elements. He enters the set time for each relay which is to be timer controlled. An internal clock is provided for the timing function. He also enters the total count and the simulated relay whose cycles are to be counted for each relay which is to be counter controlled.

A plurality of the numbered relays may each be conditioned only by an external device connected to an identically numbered input terminal. Another plurality of the numbered relays each control the signal supplied to an identically numbered output terminal which may be connected to external devices.

In use, the executive program continuously and repeatedly runs through the ladder diagram control circuit line by line, updating the condition of each electrical element in accordance with the referenced numbered relay; updating the condition of each numbered relay in accordance with the condition of the electrical elements or input terminal in circuit therewith; and updating the condition of each output terminal in accordance with its associated numbered relay.

Provision is made for communicating with the computer controller via ordinary telephone lines from a central station. The original computer controller is delivered to a customer with the executive program in memory. The control program is added by the customer through the detachable programming console. Both the executive and customer chosen control program can then be read out to the central station and printed or recorded on punched tape for full documentation thereof. Further units can be supplied to the customer preprogrammed through use of the punched paper tape. The central station also can communicate with a remote computer controller by means of a central programming console and has the ability to diagnose breakdowns of the computer controller and readin to or readout from any memory location in the remote computer controller.

36 Clairrs, 36 Drawing Figures United States Patent u 3, 86,639

Fletcher et al. [451 Aug. 22,1972

REFERENCE 52 FUNCTION a0 :1 @EEEEEJI LINE NUMBER Posmoufi M 515m" 7 88 ml EJEIEE EH "2211's; 66 A J I [1, "E 1 70 Patented Aug. 22, 1972 3,686,639

12 Sheets-Sheet 1 64 FIG- 2 34\ 4 2313: g

REFERENCE NUMBER 82 FUNCTION 1 so ,Aa ,E E I I LINE NUMBER POSITIONMVMU A 1 5 A B c D 1| 1 RUN REFERENCE IWENTORS STOP WILLIAM E. FLETCHER LEON B. ROSSEAU MATTER/V WARE 8 DAV/.5 ATTORNEYS Patented Aug. 22, 1972 3,686,639

12 Sheets-Shoot 6 FIG. l2

LINE BUFFER FUNCA REFA I U I l I 1 l l l i l l l l l l l FUNCB REFB r L Y k zLilllllllllllllll FUNCC mar-c FUNC D REF D F'JLW' A 4Ll|l||lll|l|ll|ll Patented Aug. 22, 1972 12 Sheets-Shoot 9 FIG. l4 FIG. l5

' LOAD LINE STORE use BUFFER BUFFER J: LAC I UNPNR 2 2 l2 RHT AND M|77760 DAC RTEMP H LAC E2 3 15 J 3 a RHT, DAC E2 AND P I? v LAC P w 4 IOR RTEMP 4 AND I LINPNR DAC I LINPNR a RHT, DAC RTEMP LAC E2 5 L|NPNR+1 5 AND MIT/400 DAC E2 v i LAC I LINPNR LAC E3 6 8RHT 6 RAR AND P 377 DAG IOR RTEMP 7 AND P 371 E2 7 IOR E2 I LINPNR 1 DAC I LINPNR LAC P 317 8 AND I LINPNR a2 RHT, DAC RTEMP LAC E3 8 AND m'roooo 9 LINPNR +1 54 LAC I LINPNR 9 LINPNR +1 AND M|70000 DAC I LINPNR l2 RHT u DAC E3 l0 RETURN LAC I LINPNR l2 AND M7777 DAC E4 I3 RETURN FIG. l6

l2 Sheets-Shoat 10 FIG. I?

FIG. l9

FIG. 20

INPUT OUTPUT LAC EX1 LAC Ex1 AND M 7777 AND M7777 .ms BCDBIN ms BCDBIN JMS LINAD m gltga og .ms LOAD LINE BUFFER LINE BUFFER i JMS ADRADJ JMS ADRADJ LAC I EADR LAC Exz AND P 377 AND M 7777 T UO R A'RS JMS BCDBIN DAG m DAc EXia LAC we 7 LAC I EADR 7 AND M 7400 AND MITOOOO JMS 4RHT i IOR R1 DAC R1 ms TEsT RAL me I EADR V AND P 00: I IOR R1 LAC uNADR DAc EXZa DAc LINPNR r RETURN .ms sToRE LINE BUFFER LINADR v JMS OUTPUT DAG UNADR RAL ADD LINADR RETURN V ADD P 700 me LINADR DAc LINPNR W RETURN ADRADJ sET Sn LAC ABCD LAC I EPNR 6LFT 1 IOR K IOOOOO me I EPNR sAD P 400 ADD P 00: 2 RETURN sAD P 200 ADD P 002 o 1 OF 6 sAD P I00 1 BRHT Me i i ADD P 003 2 AC+ RcNT 4o.ooo Ac T 3 T AND P 007 RCNT-1 ADD P E,ADR

DAc EADR 4 Y N RETURN 5 r RAC a RM 6 RETURN Patented Aug. 22, 1972 3,686,639

12 Sheets-Sheet 1 l FIG-22 FIG. 24

an LOCATION TEST WDNO. 2 2 wN0o+2o WORD LAC f: woRo REFREG AC 3 3 AND BITMSK 4o 1' y Ac BITNO 4 4 FLAG AC-I6 5 5 1 FLAG AC NEG Y RETURN 6 RETURN Fl G. 25

WDNO.+1 7 0 SET 0 1 CLEAR BITMSK GEN O LAC LINPNT 1 1 sue P 660 FIG. 23 DAC WORD LAC LIN sue P 660 DAG WORD B|TNO+1 CNTR 1 LAC I WORD 2 IOR BITMSK 2 BITMSK AC |-+Aco 2 3 5 3a 4 3 Y CNTR1=O AC'BITMSK RETURN AND I woRo 4 4 DAC I WORD (AC) RETURN BITMSK 1 RIGHT 5 j I RETURN I Patented Aug. 22, 1972 3,686,639

12 Sheets-Shoot 12 DIGITAL COMPUTER-INDUSTRIAL CONTROLLER SYSTEM AND APPARATUS SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION sidered a desirable goal. Except for rather specialized In situations the goal has largely not been reached. Earlier computers were too large and expensive to be utilized except for the most complex of processes. The programming of such computers for a particular process according to prior art methods is a nearly Herculean task requiring large numbers of highly trained programmer hours. Thereafter many hours and much money is expended in debugging the computer program, that is making it work in the industrial process environment. Even when successful a change in the industrial process or system being controlled requires a massive change in the program, again requiring a large number of computer programmer hours.

Even with the mass production in the last few years of small general purpose digital computers relatively few applications to industrial process control have been made. Although the smaller computers may be utilized economically in smaller processes and for example in the control of machine tools, automatic assembly equipment, molding machinery, textile machinery, automatic testing equipment, materials handling equipment, municipal traffic control equipment, chemical processes, and the like, the programming step is difficult and requires talents not generally available in the engineering groups which could use a digital computer industrial controller. Thus each application has required the bringing together of the specialized groups of industrial engineers with the problem, the main frame computer manufacturer with the computer, and

the programmers capable of translating the needs of the industrial engineers into a language utilizable by the computer.

Even in those instances where prior art computers have been used as industrial controllers there are many disadvantages. The program utilized in the computer bears no relationship to the industrial process, machine, or the electrical circuit diagram normally utilized by the industrial engineer that the ordinary industrial engineer can understand. Thus for example the change of one relay or one relay contact in an industrial controller which is simulated on a digital computer requires a highly skilled programmer to change the program, according to the prior art.

While prior art industrial control programs for general purpose computers have been highly ingenious in saving computer time this very ingenuity has been a stumbling block in changing the program if the process or machine control has changed in any way.

Another problem of the prior art is that the prior art computer industrial controllers are subject to breakdowns, programming errors and the like which have hithertofore required the attention of skilled hardware and programmer engineers to service and this servicing must take place at the point of application making it prohibitively expensive for many applications.

For these and other reasons the promise of computer industrial controllers has been largely unfulfilled.

Traditionally logic functions found in industrial control systems have been performed by relays. The schematic electrical circuit diagram has been by far the most common technique used for defining how the relays are to be interconnected to form the control logic. One form of schematic electrical circuit diagram used in circuit design in machine control art comprises two spaced apart vertical bus lines each theoretically connected to one terminal of a power supply. (onnected between the parallel vertical lines are horizontal circuit lines," hence this particular form of schematic electrical circuit diagram resembles a ladder and is often referred to as a ladder diagram.

Each circuit line terminates in a relay, and preceding the relay are a plurality of electrical elements, such as switches, which consequently control the operation of the relay to provide an output signal when the circuit line conducts. This corresponds to an AND function, and an OR function is provided by drawing another circuit line having elements therein and connecting this circuit line into a different circuit line preceding its relay.

After the schematic electrical circuit diagram has been drawn, an actual control system is hand wired corresponding thereto. An electrical element in the circuit line may be operated by one of the relays, and is so labeled on the diagram. Other elements may also be operated by relays, or by the controlled machinery. When the actual circuit is built, the relay is connected to operate that element. The diagram is consulted for the necessary interconnections. Thus, the relay and the schematic electrical circuit diagram have formed a team that has been successfully used for many years.

However this team does have limitations. The relay being an electromechanical device has a limited life. It requires expensive hand wiring by electricians. Changes and corrections to relay logic are time-consuming and expensive. The circuit diagram as a document defining a control scheme has its limitations. It is often not updated when checkout unearths logic errors. As a result, it is often difficult to determine exactly what control system has been built. Similar undocumented changes occur during servicing and often result in erratic behavior and major breakdowns.

Additionally, relays have a fixed number of contacts. This must be taken into account in the original design and often makes "debugging" and service changes very expensive and time consuming. Redesigning of an existing system due to minor changes in function can be a major undertaking because of these inherent limitations of hardware relays.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a general purpose computer controller.

Another object of the invention is to provide a computer controller of the above character utilizing a general purpose executive program and a special purpose control program.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a computer controller of the above character wherein the executive program and the special purpose control program are cast in the form of a conventional schematic electrical circuit diagram.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide a computer controller of the above character having a special purpose programming panel for programming the computer with the control program by an industrial engineer unfamiliar with common computer programming languages.

A further object of the invention is to provide a computer controller of the above character wherein the computer time is sacrificed in order to facilitate convenience in programming.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a computer controller of the above character programmed to perfonn the functions of relay logic.

A yet further object of the invention is to provide a computer controller of the above character wherein relays are simulated and have no limitation on the number of terminals or contacts of a relay so provided.

Another object of the invention is to provide a computer controller of the above character programmed to perform the functions of selectable timers.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a computer controller of the above character programmed to perform the functions of selectable counters.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide a computer controller of the above character having no limitation on the number of functions to be timed or counted by the same timer and counter.

Still yet another object of the invention is to provide a plurality of computer controllers of the above character and a detachable programming panel which may be utilized therewith.

A further object of the invention is to provide a computer controller of the above character and a system for communicating therewith over long distances.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a system of the above character for communicating over voice grade telephone lines.

A yet further object of the invention is to provide a system of the above character providing remote servicing of the computer controller from a central station.

Another object of the invention is to provide a system of the above character providing readout of the executive or control programs at a central station.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a system of the above character providing for read'in of the executive or control programs from a central station.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide a system of the above character providing for debugging, diagnosing and correction of malfunctions from a central station.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a computer controller and system of the above character that is inexpensive, simple to operate and reliable.

Other objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter.

The invention accordingly comprises a system, apparatus and method comprising the means, features of operation, combinations of functions and the relationships of one or more of such operations and functions with respect to each of the others of the system; the features of construction, combinations of elements and arrangements of parts of the apparatus which are adapted to effect such operations and functions; and a method comprising the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others; all as exemplified in the following detailed disclosure. The scope of the invention is indicated in the claims.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE lNVENTlON According to the present invention a small general purpose digital computer performs all of the functions of an industrial controller hithertofore performed by relay logic, timers, and counters connected in a complex electrical control circuit. The general purpose digital computer is supplied with executive programs having modular portions for simulating each of these functions. A special purpose control program cooperating with the executive program and corresponding to the electrical circuit diagram of the industrial apparatus, system, or process to be controlled is programmed into the computer through a detachable programming panel. No knowledge of conventional digital computer programming or programming languages is required. The programmed computer controller is connected to the apparatus and controls it according to the electrical circuit diagram.

According to the invention relay logic to be simulated or performed by the computer is redrawn, i.e. transformed, into a schematic electrical circuit diagram comprising a ladder network of circuit lines disposed between two vertical bus lines. Each circuit line comprises a predetermined number (which in the embodiment disclosed is four) of serially connected preselectable conventional electrical circuit elements preceding a relay coil which is energized when the elements are conditioned so that the circuit line conducts. The selectable elements are a normally open switch (open contacts), a nonnally closed switch (closed contacts), a direct electrical connection (no operation) and a branch element (an electrical T node). The user thus makes a tabular listing consisting of rows of four elements each connected in series to a relay coil by a simple straight forward conversion from his conventional electrical circuit diagram of the ladder type, using the branch element as necessary when a line of the conventional electrical circuit diagram contains more than four electrical elements. Limiting the number of elements in each circuit line is desirable to obtain a uniform format programmed into the computer as a part of the executive program.

The condition of any electrical element drawn in the ladder diagram may be specified to be the condition of any relay coil, i.e. to detennine the condition of an electrical element, the executive program will examine the condition of the specified relay. If the electrical element is a normally open switch and the specified relay is positive or energized, the switch is closed by the relay and that portion of the circuit line conducts. If all four electrical elements of a line conduct, the relay at the end of that circuit line is energized. Additionally, the executive program stored in the computer provides for three groups of circuit lines. A first group of circuit lines each provides for a single internally simulated relay, the instantaneous condition of which may be specified by an externally connected device. The second group of circuit lines each provides for four internally simulated and conditioned electrical elements and an internally simulated relay used only to specify the condition of electrical elements in the ladder diagram. The third group of circuit lines each provides for four internally simulated and conditioned electrical elements and for the operation of an external device by that group "5 internally simulated relay coil.

Timers are represented by their timer interval and a tens multiplier, i.e. decimal place. Counters are represented by their total count and the number of the internally simulated relay whose cycles are to be counted.

In programming the computer with the control program i.e. specifying electrical elements in the circuit lines, the operator sets one set of thumb wheel dials of the programming panel to the reference number of one circuit line of the tabular ladder diagram (transformed circuit diagram); selects the electrical element desired with a thumb wheel on the programming panel; and sets another set of thumb wheels on the programming panel to identify which internally simulated relay specities the condition of the selected element. He enters the element in the desired position in the line by depressing a position button and an entry button Two positions in each circuit line are available for the possible respective entry of the total count and relay to be counted for a counter or the time interval and tens multiplier for a timer. The relay identifying thumb wheels are used to enter these numbers. The counters count and timers time when continuity is established in the other positions of that circuit line.

The programming panel continuously displays the type of electrical element and the reference number of the relay governing its condition for one position of a selected circuit line. Position selection buttons on the programming panel permit the operator to select any one of the four positions in a circuit line for display.

The programming panel or console is detachable and may be used to service a plurality of computer controllers at different times.

The executive program continuously runs through the programmed circuit lines of the electrical ladder network whereby the computer controller performs its specified control function. The simulated relay controlled electrical elements in each circuit line are updated in accordance with the condition of its respective controlling relay. The simulated relays and the relay at the end of the circuit line is energized if the circuit line conducts each controlled by an external input are similarly updated in accordance with the external signal supplied. The output terminal signals are also updated in accordance with their corresponding simulated relays. Timers count internally generated clock pulses if the two remaining simulated electrical elements in their circuit line establish electricalcontinuity. If the total number of clock pulses counted is equal to the timer setting the internally simulated relay of the circuit line wherein the timer is entered is set to its energized condition. Similarly a counter counts the referenced relay cycles of the first electrical element in its circuit line if continuity is established in the second electrical elements of its respective circuit line and it energizes its internally simulated relay when the total count has been reached. If the second element becomes non-conductive, the counter starts over from zero. i

This continuous operation is so rapid that the entire controller program ladder diagram is updated by the executive program in a shorter period of time than is required for the computer-controller to react to any external input and similarly in a shorter period of time than that in which any external device can respond to a signal from the controller. Thus, the fact that the instantaneous condition of the internally simulated circuit may not be entirely correct (in that for example switches operated by the same relay) may be partially operated in accordance with the condition of the relay and partially not yet operated in accordance with the condition of the relay is immaterial. This situation arises because the circuit lines are examined in order, and relays governing the condition of the elements in the circuit lines are usually not referenced in order.

The executive program also checks once each cycle to see if the programming panel has requested entry or output of data and provides the step of appropriate entry or output.

The invention further provides means for connecting the computer controller to a central station through ac coustic couplers over normal, voice grade, telephone lines. A central station is provided comprising a computer and appropriate input and output devices for reading executive and control programs into the remote computer controller, for diagnosing and debugging through access to any memory location both to read in and read out information.

Full documentation of the control program stored in any remote computer controller can thus be provided. The control program may be printed in the form of the ladder network together with the reference numbers, timer intervals, total counts, etc. Subsequent controllers for an identical process or machine can be supplied with both the executive and control program stored in memory. In case of loss of memory the programs may be supplied by telephone on short notice. Similarly, new control programs may be supplied from a central library.

THE DRAWINGS For a further understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective partially diagrammatic view of a computer controller system according to the inven tion;

FIG. 2 is a front view of the detachable programming panel or console of the computer controller system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of the computer controller system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 comprising FIGS. 4A and 4B is a schematic diagram showing the ladder diagram form of electrical control circuit that is simulated by the computer controller system of FIG. I;

FIG. 4C is a diagram showing how FIGS. 4A and 4B are put together to form FIG. 4;

FIGS. 4a, 4b. 4c and 4d are the schematic electrical symbols of the electrical elements which may be entered into the blank positions of the ladder diagram of FIG. 4 through use of the programming panel;

FIG. 5 is a conventional electrical circuit diagram of a control circuit;

FIG. 6 is a transformed electrical circuit diagram equivalent to the electrical circuit diagram of FIG. according to the scheme of FIG. 4 suitable for direct entry into the computer controller using the programming panel of FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram according to the scheme of FIG. 4 showing provision for the series, or logical AND function of more than four relays according to the invention;

FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram according to the scheme of FIG. 4 showing provision for the parallel, or logical OR, function of two circuit lines according to the invention;

FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram according to the scheme of FIG. 4 showing an alternative provision for the parallel, or logical OR, function of more than two circuit lines according to the invention;

FIG. 10 is a portion of a ladder diagram according to the scheme of FIG. 4 showing how a timer is entered into the four positions of acircuit line;

FIG. 11 is a portion of a ladder diagram according to the scheme of FIG. 4 showing how a counter is entered into the four positions of a circuit line;

FIG. 12a is a schematic diagram showing an internal data allocation scheme or data format utilized by the computer controller system of FIG. 1',

FIG. 12b is a diagram of an intermediate internal data allocation scheme or data fonnat utilized by the computer controller system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 13 comprising FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B is a flow chart of an executive program according to the invention utilized by the computer controller system of FIG.

FIG. 13C is a diagram showing how FIGS. 13A and 13B are put together to form FIG. 13;

FIGS. 14 through 26 are flow charts of subroutines of the program of FIG. 13; and

FIG. 27 is a perspective view of the computer controller system of FIG. 1 communicating over a voice grade telephone line with a central station according to the invention.

The same reference characters refer to the same elements throughout the several views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The System and Method of Programming Now referring to FIG. I, a computer controller system according to the invention is generally indicated at 30. It comprises a small general purpose computer, generally indicated at 32, which may for example be one of the recently introduced 16 bit word machines. Those skilled in the art will recognize the front panel of the computer 32 to be that of a Digital Equipment Corp. Model PDP-8/L, and will further recognize the mnemonics used in the program flow chart are primarily those associated with the Digital Equipment Corp. family of computers. A programming panel 34 according to the invention is connected via cable 36 to the general purpose computer 32 and may be detached therefrom by removing connector 38. A plurality of extemal registers and signal conditioning circuits (see FIG. 3) are mounted in an input-output box 40 which is connected to computer 32 via cable 42. The input-output box can of course be an integral part and mounted on a single chassis with the computer 32. The inputoutput box 40 provides a plurality of input terminals generally indicated at 44, a plurality of output terminals generally indicated at 46 and L, line terminal 48.

Referring still to FIG. 1, the input terminals 44 are connected in circuit with L, terminal 48 through externally operated devices such as push button 50, limit switch S2, pressure switch S4 and relay contacts 56. Similar signals could be supplied to the input terminals 44 by means of isolation transformers, solid state switches, and the like. External devices are energized from output terminals 46 as for example, external relay 58, lamp 60, motor 62 and alarm 64. All external devices are connected to L via terminal 48. Many other external devices may be driven by the output levels appearing at terminals 46 as, for example, transformers, electronic amplifiers, solid state relays, and the like.

Now referring to FIG. 2, the front panel 66 of the detachable programming console 34 is shown in detail. Each of a plurality of lines of a standard form schematic electrical circuit diagram as shown in FIG. 4 (circuit lines of series logic) may be selected by setting a line number by means of LINE NUMBER thumb wheels 68. A electrical element to be inserted into one of the four positions the line is selected by means of FUNCTION thumb wheels 70. The line number of the relay whose instantaneous condition is to govern the instantaneous condition of the electrical element selected, is selected by setting REFERENCE NUMBER thumb wheels 72. The reference number and electrical element selected may then be entered in a selected position in the specified line by depressing one of four latching POSITION pushbuttons, generally indicated at 74, and an ENTER pushbutton 76.

The electrical element entered at the selected posi tion indicated by the latched POSITION button 74 will then be displayed by illuminating one of six function output lamps, generally indicated at 80 under the FUNCTION" label. The T" and *C" displays indicate timers and counters. The associated reference number will be displayed at reference number output display 82. The POSITION button 74 which was depressed and thereby latched will be indicated by illumination of a POSITION lamp (FIG. 3) behind the corresponding push button 74. The status of the relay of the line selected by LINE NUMBER thumb wheels 68 is continuously indicated by an OUTPUT lamp 81 (FIG. 3), i.e. if the electrical elements in the line selected by the LINE NUMBER thumb wheels all conduct, the relay at the end of the line is energized, and is indicated to be energized by illumination of OUTPUT lamp 81.

The above steps are repeated for entry of each electrical element into the ladder diagram of FIG. 4. The operator enters the type and number of electrical elements at selected positions of selected lines to cause the ladder diagram of FIG. 4 to represent a control circuit. Therefore, the information comprising the various electrical elements entered, the lines and positions at which they are entered, and the referenced relays controlling the conducting status of the electrical elements is referred to as a control program.

Now referring to FIG. 3, the computer 32 comprises a central processor and memory unit 84, and input-output registers control unit 86. The computer 32 is any general purpose digital ,computer, and in particular may be a Digital Equipment Corp. Model PDP-B/L computer. Input terminals 44 are connected through conventional switch filters 88 to each control the setting of one bit of an external register 4. Under control of the central processor 84, through the input-output registers and control unit 86, the contents of external register 4 may be read into the memory of the central processor in conventional fashion. Similarly, out put terminals 46 are each supplied with a signal from signal conditioning circuits 92 in accordance with the status of one bit each in external register 30. The central processor 84 through the input-output registers and control unit 86 sets the condition of the individual bits of external register 3a in a conventional manner. Communication between the input-output registers and control unit 86 and the external registers 4 and 3a is via cable 42. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, there may be more than one external register 4 for inputs and more than one external register 30 for outputs, depending on the number of input and output terminals 44 and 46 provided for, the internal organization of the computer 32, and the number of bits of the external registers. The switch filters 88 are KSOSAC input converters (120 VAC) shown at pages 174 and 175 of Digital Equipment Corporations 1969 Logic Handbook, Cl 35 1 800-3 169, and the external registers 30 and 4 are M375 registers shown at pages 100-102 of the same handbook. The signal conditioning circuits 92 are such as K604 isolated AC switch-registers shown at pages 190 and 191 of the same handbook.

As previously explained with reference to FIG. 1, the detachable programming console 34 is connected to the computer 32 via cable 36. This communication is through the input output or external registers and control unit 86 to and from the central processor and memory 84 in a conventional manner. The POSITION selector pushbuttons 74 and LINE NUMBER thumb wheels 68 are connected through switch filters 96 which in turn are connected to external register 1. Similarly, FUNCTION thumb wheel 70 and REFERENCE NUMBER thumb wheels 72 are connected in a conventional fashion through switch filters 100, which in turn are connected to external register 2. In a similar way, the ENTER and RUN push buttons 76 and 78 are connected to switch filters 104, which in turn are connected to external register 3. External registers, 1, 2 and 3 communicate via cable 36 with inputoutput registers and control unit 86. Thus, on demand of the central processor and memory unit 84 the information stored in the external registers 1, 2 and 3 which reflects the condition of the various programming input devices 68, 70, 72, 74, 76 and 78 of the programming panel 34 may be transferred to the central processor and memory unit 84 through the input-output registers and control unit 86. Switch filters 96, 100, and 104 are such as KS 80 dry contact filters shown at pages 186 and 187 of the 1969 Logic Handbook referred to above. External registers 1, 2 and 3 are the same as registers 3a and 4 described above, as are registers la and 2a.

External register is provided, a portion of which may be used to control REFERENCE NUMBER display 82. This may be the type sold under the trademark NIXIE. Another portion of external register la is used to control lamp drivers 110 to illuminate POSITION lamps mounted behind POSITION push buttons 74 (FIG. 2). Similarly, external register 20 governs lamp drivers 114 to control the illumination of FUNCTION output lamps and OUTPUT lamp 81. External registers 1a and 2a are set via cable 36 from input-output registers and control unit 86 under control of the central processor and memory unit 84 of the computer 32, The lamp drivers and 114 may be K681 lamp drivers shown at pages 200 and 201 of the 1969 Logic Handbook.

Now referring to FIG. 4, according to the invention any conventional relay logic circuit is transformed according to the well known rules of electrical network transformation into a network according to the ladder diagram or schematic electrical circuit diagram illustrated in FIG. 4. According to this diagram, there are provided the usual electrical supply lines L1 and L2 between which all horizontal circuit lines are connected. The diagram provides for a large plurality of such circuit lines which may, for example, be as many as 512, as illustrated in FIG. 4. When continuity is established on a line, i.e. when all the electrical elements positioned therein conduct, the corresponding one of a plurality of relays, generally indicated at 116, is energized. The lines are numbered in column 118 at the left and each relay is identically numbered, as shown.

A group of lines 115, as for example lines 1 to 10 (FIG. 4A) contain relays 1 to 10 which have the capa bility of governing the condition of one of the identically numbered external output terminals 46 i.e. the energized or non-energized status of the relay is transferred as a positive or negative signal to the corresponding bit of external register 3a. Thus the condition of each of a plurality of switches, generally indicated at 120, in each of these lines is governed by the condition of the corresponding relay 1 16. The switches 120 correspond to a portion of the signal conditioning circuitry 92 (see also FIG. 3).

The external devices such as the relay 58, lamp 60, motor 62 and alan'n 64 are connected between the appropriate one of the output terminals 46 and L via L terminal 48 (see also FIG. 1

Another group of lines 122 (FIG. 4B) have their relays 116 conditioned in accordance with whether L is connected to the corresponding one of the input terminals 44 through an external device such as push button 50, limit switch 52, pressure switch 54 or relay contact 56.

A third group of lines 124 (FIG. 4A) are internally controlled and control internal devices only. A relay in these circuit lines is energized in accordance with the condition of the preceding elements, and the relay is available to be referenced for determining the condi tion of any electrical element in the diagram. However, no output to an output terminal is available from these circuit lines.

Each of the circuit lines of the ladder diagram is provided with four positions A, B, C and D in which an electrical element may be specified. These electrical elements may be as shown in FIG. 4a, a normally opened relay contact or normally open switch 126; as shown in a FIG. 4b, a normally closed relay contact or normally closed switch 128; as shown in FIG. 4c, a a

branch function 130; and; as shown in FIG. 4d, an electrical wire connection 132, i.e. no function or always conducting.

According to the invention, the instantaneous condition of each of the elements 126, 138 and the relay contacts 131 of branch element 130 is specified by the condition of one of the relays 116, the particular one being that one whose reference number the element is given by means of the REFERENCE NUMBER thumb wheels 72 (FIG. 2). In drawing the control circuit diagram in accordance with the scheme of FIG. 4, a number is written below each of the elements 126, 128 and 130 which is the reference number that identifies the relay controlling the normally open or normally closed switch or in the case of the branch function 130 when the referenced relay is energized, L, is connected to the vertical branch 134 through contacts 131. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this provides a logical OR function.

Thus, for example, switch normally open 126 illustrated in FIG. 4A is governed by the condition of relay 3 in circuit line 3, which happens to be one of the output controlling lines 115 of FIG. 4. Normally closed switch 128 is governed by the condition of relay 512, which happens to be in the input controlled group of lines 122. Thus, if push button switch 50 is closed, relay 512 is energized and normally closed switch 128 is opened. When relay 3 is energized, normally open switch 126 is closed. When relay 103 of the internal controlled and controlling circuit lines 124 is energized, then L is connected via relay contacts 131 (normally not shown in the ladder diagram) and line 134 to the line in which branch function 130 is entered.

More specifically if elements 126, 128 and 130 and 132 are connected in positions, A, B, C, and D, respectively, of circuit line 2, their conditions will govern the energization or deenergization of relay 2. Thus to energize relay 2, relay contacts 126 must be closed, that is relay 3 must be energized. Relay contacts 128 must also be closed, i.e. input relay 512 must be deenergized (push button 50 must not be operated). Or, if relay 103 is energized, relay 2 will be energized via the vertical line 134 of branch function 130, no change ever taking place at position D due to the straight connection 132 specified thereat. When relay 2 is energized, normally open contacts 136 governed thereby will close, providing a positive output signal on the number 1 output terminal 46, thereby energizing lamp 60.

It will be seen that any relay 116 whether output controlling, internally controlled and controlling only, or input controlled may be referenced by any electrical element in positions A, B, C, D of output controlling lines 115 or internal controlled and controlling lines 124. Also, any of the relays 116 may be referenced as many times as necessary by as many different elements as necessary, e.g. a plurality of electrical elements entered throughout the ladder diagram can have their condition controlled by a single relay. Thus inputs, internal logic lines and outputs are all available for use in developing the control logic. Since there is no limitation to the number of times a given relay 116 may be referenced, there is no limitation analogous to the limited number of contacts available on a conventional relay.

Now referring to FIG. 5, an elementary control circuit generally indicated at 138 comprises normally open push button switch 140, normally closed push button switch 142 and normally open limit switch 144 as inputs; two control relays 146 and 148 respectively controlling normally open relay contacts 150 and 152 identified above each by the standard nomenclature used in the art.

This elementary control circuit may be converted by any electrical engineer into a diagram according to the scheme of FIG. 4, as illustrated in FIG. 6. Parallel line or row conductors numbered 1 and 2 are connected between supply lines L and L to control energization of relays 146 and 148. Normally open contacts 152 are still placed in series with relay 146. The normally open contacts 150 of relay 146 in parallel across push button switch 1 are represented by the branch function 154. Nonnally open relay contacts 156 in position A of line 1 are governed by the condition of relay 512 connected via one of the respective input terminals 44 to normally open push button switch 140. Normally closed contacts 158 are governed by relay 511 connected by an input terminal 44 to normally closed push button switch 142. Normally open contacts 160 are governed by the condition of relay 510 connected via a terminal 44 to limit switch 144. The external devices connected to the input terminals and thus controlling relays 510-512 are different in FIG. 6 than in FIG. 4.

Relays 146 and 148 may govern external devices by means of their controlled contacts generally indicated at 120 connected to output terminals 46.

By combining normally closed or normally open contacts in a given line of logic a series" (logical AND) function is formed. If more than four inputs to the series function are required, additional contacts may be placed in a second circuit line and one of the contacts in the first circuit line referenced to the relay in the second circuit line as illustrated in FIG. 7.

The parallel" (logical OR) function may be specified in two ways. The branch element provides a parallel path. Thus, referring to FIG. 8, if the contacts in line 1 or line 2 are made, then relay 1 is energized. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that several branches may be specified to develop multiple path parallel (logical OR) functions.

On some occasions, when a large number of items need to be ORd., it is more efficient to use the technique known as DeMorgans Theorem. As illustrated in FIG. 9, whenever the relay of line 2 is referenced by a normally closed contact, the condition of elements D, E, F and G is logically ORd.

Now referring to FIG. 10, information concerning timers is entered in columns C and D. When the FUNCTION thumb wheel 70 (FIG. 2) is turned to T for the timer function, the number entered in column C by means of thumb wheels 72 is the total time to be measured and the number entered in column D which must be composed only of 1's and zeros is the position of the decimal place or IOs multiplier. This total time count is entered in an assigned register in the computer memory and another register is assigned to count internally generated clock pulses. When the two registers are identical the relay of that line (relay 15 in FIG. 10) is energized. The timer only counts when continuity is established through the electrical elements set into 

1. A programming panel for programming a computer controller to perform control functions, the computer controller having stored therein an executive program for communicating with the programming panel and for simulating an electrical ladder-type control circuit having a plurality of circuit lines, a plurality of spaces in each circuit line, each space providing for the inclusion of one type of a plurality of types of electrical elements comprising elements the condition of which is a function of a referenced condition, and each of said circuit lines further providing circuit line condition specifying means controlled in accordance with the electrical condition of its respective circuit line or an external input controlling a line, at least some of said condition specifying means controlling outputs, the executive program simulating specified ones of the plurality of electrical elements in specified spaces to complete a simulated control circuit, said programming panel comprising in combination: A. manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one of a plurality of circuit lines of the simulated ladder-type control circuit; B. manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one type of the plurality of types of electrical elements; C. manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller a reference to the circuit line condition specifying means in the simulated ladder-type control circuit which is to control the condition of the said specified type of electrical element; and D. manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one of the spaces in the specified circuit line of the simulated ladder-type control circuit into which the specified type of electrical element is to be entered.
 2. A programming panel as defined in claim 1, further comprising: A. readout means for indicating which type of electrical element has been entered in a specified space in a circuit line; B. readout means for indicating in which space in the specified circuit line of the simulated ladder-type control circuit the specified type of electrical element has been entered; and, C. readout means for indicating to what condition the electrical element entered in the specified space in the specified line is referenced.
 2. a second switch mounted on the programming panel for specifying a normally closed switch.
 2. a second switch mounted on the programming panel for specifying an electrical continuity.
 3. a third switch mounted on the programming panel for specifying an electrical continuity.
 3. a third switch mounted on the programming panel for specifying an electrical branch function.
 3. A programming panel as defined in claim 1 wherein said plurality of types of electrical elements specifiable by said manually operable means comprise normally open and normally closed switches, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one type of the plurality of types of electrical elements comprises:
 3. a third switch mounted on the programming panel for specifying counters.
 3. a third switch mounted on the programming panel for specifying timers.
 4. A programming panel as defined in claim 3, wherein said plurality of types of electrical elements further comprise an electrical branch function, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one type of the plurality of types of electrical elements further comprises:
 5. A programming panel as defined in claim 3, wherein said plurality of types of electrical elements comprise timers, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one type of plurality of types of electrical elements further comprises:
 6. A programming panel as defined in claim 3, wherein said plurality of types of electrical elements comprise counters, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one type of plurality of types of electrical elements further comprises:
 7. A programming panel as defined in claim 3 wherein said plurality of types of electrical elements comprise electrical continuity, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one type of a plurality of types of electrical elements further comprises:
 8. A programming panel as defined in claim 1, wherein there is provided the same predetermined fixed number of spaces in each circuit line of the simulated ladder type control circuit, each space providing for the inclusion one electrical element, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one of the spaces in a specified circuit line comprises a plurality of switches mounted on the programming panel, each of said switches corresponding to one of the predetermined fixed number of spaces.
 9. A programming panel as defined in claim 1 wherein said plurality of types of electrical elements specifiable by said manually operable means comprise an electrical branch function, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one type of the plurality of types of electrical elements comprises:
 10. A programming panel as defined in claim 9 wherein said plurality of types of electrical elements specifiable by said manually operable means comprise electrical continuity, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one type of the plurality of types of electrical elements further comprises:
 11. A programming panel as defined in claim 1, wherein said plurality of types of electrical elements specifiable by said manually operable means comprise timers, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller one type of plurality of types of electrical elements comprises:
 12. A programming panel as defined in claim 11 wherein said reference specifying means comprises a numeric input means and said programming panel comprises further means for specifying the timer interval as the numeric value of said reference specifying means when a timer is specified in a first space in a circuit line of the simulated ladder-type control circuit.
 13. A programming panel as defined in claim 12, wherein said programming panel comprises further means For specifying a timer multiplier for said timer interval as the numeric value of said reference specifying means when a second space, in the same circuit line of the simulated ladder-type control circuit is specified.
 14. A programming panel as defined in claim 1, wherein said plurality of types of electrical elements specifiable by said manually operable means comprise counters, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying one type of the plurality of types of electrical elements further comprises:
 15. A programming panel as defined in claim 14, wherein said reference specifying means comprises a numeric input means and said programming panel comprises further means for specifying the total count as the numeric value of said reference specifying means when a counter is specified in a first specified space in a circuit line of the simulated ladder-type control circuit.
 16. A programming panel as defined in claim 15, wherein said programming panel comprises further means for specifying the condition whose changes are to be counted as the numeric value of said reference specifying means when a counter is specified in a second specified space in a circuit line of the simulated ladder-type control circuit.
 17. A programming panel as defined in claim 1, wherein each circuit line condition specifying means in the simulated ladder-type control circuit is numbered and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer controller a reference to one of the plurality of circuit line condition specifying means comprises a manually settable numeric input.
 18. A programming panel as defined in claim 17 wherein said circuit lines are numbered identically with said circuit line condition specifying means, and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer one of a plurality of circuit lines of the simulated ladder-type control circuit comprises a manually settable numeric input.
 19. A programming panel as defined in claim 1 wherein said circuit lines are numbered and wherein said manually operable means for specifying to the computer one of a plurality of circuit lines comprises a manually settable numeric input.
 20. A computer controller system for controlling machines of the type controllable by sequenced opening and closing of electrical switches forming a portion of a machine control circuit, the system comprising: A. a computer programmed to simulate a conventional ladder diagram electrical circuit format of the type having a plurality of circuit lines, each circuit line terminating in a relay conditioned by the conducting status of the circuit line, each circuit line providing spaces therein wherein the computer is programmed to simulate specified ones of a plurality of types of electrical elements completing a machine control circuit comprising switches the condition of which may be specified to be controlled by a specified one of said relays; B. a programming panel for programming a particular machine control circuit into the computer, the programming panel comprising: a. means for specifying to the computer one of the plurality of circuit lines of the conventional ladder diagram, b. means for specifying to the computer one type of the plurality of types of electrical elements, c. means for specifying to the computer the relay which is to control a specified electrical element, d. means for specifying to the computer one of the spaces in the specified circuit line wherein the specified electrical element is to be simulated.
 21. A computer controller system as defined in claim 20 wherein the conventional ladder diagram electrical circuit format has a fixed plurality of numbered circuit lines, and wherein the means for specifying to the computer one of the plurality of circuit lines comprises a manually settable numeric input.
 22. A computer controller system as defined in claim 20, wheRein each circuit line of the conventional ladder diagram electrical circuit format has an equal number of fixed spaces therein, and the means for specifying to the computer one of the spaces in a specified circuit line comprises an equal number of switches, each switch corresponding to one of the fixed number of spaces.
 23. A computer controller system as defined in claim 20 wherein the means for specifying to the computer the type of electrical element comprises a single key for each type of electrical element.
 24. A computer controller system as defined in claim 20 wherein the means for specifying to the computer the relay which is to control a specified switch comprises a manually settable numeric input.
 25. A computer controller system as defined in claim 20 wherein said computer is programmed to also simulate as one of said types of electrical elements an electrical branch function the energization of which may be controlled by a specified one of said relays and said programming panel comprises a switch for selecting said branch function.
 26. A control method comprising: A. simulating a portion of a control system in a computer, the control system comprising control elements the condition of which is governed by the condition of other control elements or conditions; B. repetitively updating the condition of selected control elements or conditions in accordance with specified input conditions to the computer, C. repetitively updating all elements of the simulate control system in accordance with their respective governing conditions; D. repetitively updating the condition of specified output conditions of the computer in accordance with the conditions of specified control elements and conditions; and, E. while performing the above steps, altering the simulated control system by specifying to the computer a position in the simulated control system, the type of control element to be substituted therein, and the condition which is to govern the condition of the substituted control element.
 27. The method defined in claim 26 wherein the last named step is accomplished by:
 28. Control method as defined in claim 26 and further comprising: A. transmitting data comprising at least a portion of the simulated control system from the digital computer to a second computer, said portion comprising at least the type of control elements of the simulated control system, the positions of the elements in the simulated control system, and the condition which governs the condition of each of the control elements; and B. printing out from the second computer a diagram of a simulated control circuit in accordance with said portion of the program transmitted to the second computer by the computer.
 29. The method of performing Boolean logic comprising the steps of: A. providing in a computer a plurality of Boolean logical statements of fixed format the truth or falsity of the terms of which may be specified to be dependent in accordance with a logical function on the truth or falsity of a specified one of the logical statements; B. controlling the truth or falsity of certain of said logical statements each in accordance with the truth or falsity of a selected input bit to the computer; C. controlling the status of each of a plurality of output bits of the computer in accordance with the truth or falsity of a selected one of said logical Statements; D. iteratively solving said logical statements; and E. changing the Boolean logical statements by a. specifying to the computer the logical statement which is to be controlled, b. specifying to the computer the logical statement which is to control, and c. specifying to the computer the term of the specified controlled logical statement which is to be controlled.
 30. The method of performing Boolean logic as defined in claim 29 wherein the last named step is performed simultaneously with the previous steps.
 31. The method of performing Boolean logic as defined in claim 29 and further defined in that a plurality of said logical statements; comprise the same number of terms and further comprising: A. dedicating a number of inputs of the computer each for specifying one of the terms of a logical statement, the number of inputs so dedicated being equal to the fixed number of terms in a logical statement.
 32. The method of performing Boolean logic as defined in claim 29 and wherein the last named step comprises the additional step of: a. specifying the logical function governing the specified term which is to be controlled.
 33. The method of performing Boolean logic as defined in claim 32 and further comprising: A. dedicating a number of inputs to the computer each for specifying one of the logical functions, the number of inputs so dedicated being equal to the selected number of logical functions.
 34. The method of performing Boolean logic as defined in claim 32 wherein the last named step is performed simultaneously with previous steps.
 35. A programming panel for a digital computer, the computer having stored therein an internal image of a control circuit in ladder diagram format, the ladder diagram format comprising a plurality of circuit lines having spaces, each space for the inclusion of one type of a plurality of types of logical functions, the programming panel comprising: A. a keyboard comprising individual keys, each key selecting one type of the plurality of types of a plurality of logical functions; B. means for selecting a circuit line of the ladder diagram format of the control circuit into which a logical function is to be placed; C. means for displaying the logical function type selected and the space in the selected circuit line into which it is to be placed; and, D. means for transmitting the selected information to the computer controller.
 36. A programming panel for a digital computer controller as defined in claim 35 and further comprising: E. means for selecting a circuit line of the ladder diagram format of the control circuit, the condition of which is to control the selected logical function. 